english language






1.

nouns


objects

apple, pear, house



relationships

father		male parent
mother		female parent
daughter	female child of a person
son		male child of a person
cousin		son or daughter of one's father or mother's brother or sister
aunt		father's or mother's sister
uncle		father's or mother's brother
grandmother	father's or mother's mother
grandfather	father's or mother's father
brother		male with the same parents as onesself
sister		female with the same parents as onesself



people

sarah jones	person's name




2.

noun

apple, pear, box



verb

speak, run, sign



adjective

blue, fast, detailed



contraction

they're		they are
it's			it is
can't			can not



3.

past/future/present tense

ran, run, running



singular/plural

table, tables

company, companies



possesive apostrophy

joe's bicycle



active/passive voice


x hit the ball, the ball was hit by x



4.

pronouns


he, his		[male person]

she, her	[female person]


you, your	[the person being spoken to]

I, my, me	[the person speaking]



is he busy 		[male person being referred to]

is that his notepad 	[an item being referred to]

is that her dress	[item of clothing]



5.


ambiguous sentences


a)

two plurals


[motor racing traditional phase]

'gentlemen start your engines'	

'gentlemen start your engines'


1. one engine to each person (possesive noun)

2. a collection of engines, belonging to each person	(collective noun)




b)

an individual word that can be more than one part of speech  



e.g


trading credits		[adjective]	credits of type 'trading'	'can we purchase some more trading credits'

trading credits		[verb]		to trade credits		'have you spent any time recently trading credits'



rule against unstable ships	[noun]		[a] rule		rule as indicated in the sentence

rule against unstable ships	[verb]		[you should] rule	take action against the thing indicated





c)

indiciating which part of the sentence a reply applies to



'I heard that you're moving interstate'

'that's not true' 



'that's not true' (a claim that the person didn't hear that)

'that's not true' (there is no intention to move interstate)



it isn't possible to indicate which of these two meanings a sentence has






6.


changes in emphasis

person x is almost y


said with happiness, excitement, implies that 'y' is a good thing

said with worry and nervousness, emphasis on the 'y', implies that 'y' is a bad thing



7.

unusual forms


daughter's cousin's bicycle

indirect reference to an object




8.

new words/phrases


something to replace



	.... as he or she indicated


	.... as they indicated (not correct)





adverb, participle etc

